- Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg, PhD; BSc.Med
CV
ABSTRACT
Missing heritability—where identified genetic variants explain only a fraction of observed heritability—poses a significant challenge. This gap limits the ability to fully account for inter-individual variability in drug response, hindering the development of precise therapeutic strategies. Missing heritability in pharmacogenomics stems from rare variants, structural variations, epigenetic modifications, and complex gene-environment interactions that are often overlooked in traditional genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These studies primarily focus on common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which may not capture the full genetic architecture influencing drug metabolism and response. Addressing this issue requires advanced methodologies, such as whole-genome sequencing, multi-omics integration, and machine learning, to uncover rare variants, haplotype influence and non-genetic factors. Additionally, diverse population studies are essential to reduce bias and enhance generalizability. By tackling missing heritability, pharmacogenomics can improve predictive models, optimize drug dosing, minimize adverse reactions, and advance equitable precision medicine. Prioritizing this challenge will bridge the gap between genetic potential and clinical application, ensuring more effective and personalized therapeutic outcomes.